After the invention and mass production of transistors, various solid-state semiconductor components such as diodes and transistors were widely used, replacing the functions and roles of vacuum tubes in circuits. In the mid to late 20th century, advances in semiconductor manufacturing technology made integrated circuits possible. Compared to manually assembling circuits using individual discrete electronic components, integrated circuits can integrate a large number of microcrystalline transistors into a small chip, which is a huge progress. The scale production capacity, reliability, and modular approach to circuit design of integrated circuits ensure the rapid adoption of standardized integrated circuits instead of designing discrete transistors. Integrated circuits have two main advantages for discrete transistors: cost and performance. The low cost is due to the chip printing all components as a unit through photolithography technology, rather than producing only one transistor at a time. The high performance is due to the fast switching and lower energy consumption of components, as they are small and close to each other. In 2006, the chip area increased from a few square millimeters to 350