The welding rod consists of two parts: the welding core and the coating. A welding rod is a coating (coating) applied uniformly and centripetally on the metal welding core. Different types of welding rods result in different welding cores. The welding core is the metal core of the welding rod. In order to ensure the quality and performance of the welding seam, there are strict regulations on the content of various metal elements in the welding core, especially for the content of harmful impurities (such as sulfur, phosphorus, etc.), which should be strictly limited and superior to the base material. The metal core covered by the coating in the welding rod is called a welding core. The welding core is usually a steel wire with a certain length and diameter. When welding, the welding core has two functions: one is to conduct welding current, generate an arc to convert electrical energy into heat energy, and the other is to melt the welding core itself as a filler metal and fuse with the liquid base metal to form a weld seam. The coating applied on the surface of the welding core is called the coating. The coating of welding rods plays an extremely important role in the welding process. If bare electrodes without coating are used for welding, a large amount of oxygen and nitrogen in the air will invade the molten metal during the welding process, oxidizing and nitriding the metal iron and beneficial elements such as carbon, silicon, and manganese to form various oxides and nitrides, which will remain in the weld seam, causing slag inclusion or cracks. The gas melted into the molten pool may cause a large number of pores in the weld seam, which can greatly reduce the mechanical properties (strength, impact value, etc.) of the weld seam and make the weld seam brittle. The welding electrode used in manual arc welding consists of two parts: the coating and the welding core. During welding, the welding electrode acts as an electrode to conduct current and ignite the arc, creating a continuous and stable arc between the electrode and the base metal to provide the necessary heat for fusion welding. On the other hand, welding electrodes are added to the weld as filler metal, becoming the main component of the weld metal. Therefore, the composition and quality of welding electrodes will directly affect the chemical composition, mechanical properties, and physical properties of the weld metal. In addition, welding rods also have a significant impact on the stability of the welding process, the appearance quality of the weld seam, and welding productivity. A welding core is the metal core of a welding rod. In order to ensure the quality of the welding seam, there are strict regulations on the content of various metal elements in the welding core. Especially with strict restrictions on harmful impurities such as sulfur and phosphorus, the quality of the welding core metal should be better than that of the base material. Smooth rod electrodes without coating cannot be used for arc welding. This is because the arc stability is poor, the spatter is large, and the weld formation is not good. After long-term practice, it has gradually been discovered that coating certain mineral raw materials (i.e. electrode coating) on the outside of the welding core greatly improves the performance of the electrode